Why does Pipeline Parallelism matter for AI governance?

Pipeline parallelism's main challenge is the "bubble" — idle GPU time at the start and end of each batch when the pipeline is not yet full or draining — which is mitigated by techniques like interleaved 1F1B scheduling. Frameworks supporting pipeline parallelism include DeepSpeed, Megatron-LM, PyTorch (via torch.distributed.pipelining), and Colossal-AI. Th