Transformer
The Transformer is the neural network architecture that revolutionized AI, introduced in the 2017 paper "Attention is All You Need" by Vaswani et al. at Google. Transformers replaced recurrence with self-attention, allowing them to process all positions in a sequence in parallel — perfect for GPU training at massive scale. Within a few years, transformers became the architecture behind nearly every state-of-the-art AI system: GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama, BERT, T5, Vision Transformers (ViT) for images, and even AlphaFold's protein structure predictions. The architecture's two main flavors are encoder-only (like BERT for understanding), decoder-only (like GPT for generation), and encoder-decoder (like T5). AI governance frameworks devote significant attention to transformer-based systems because of their power, opacity, training-data scale, and societal reach. Responsible AI, AI compliance, and AI risk management programs treat transformers as high-priority AI assets requiring deep documentation and ongoing oversight.
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